ولهذه الصبغة خاصية مقاومة التغيير الذي يسببه مرور الزمن. وكانت غالية الثمن في التداول التجاري.

 

قمنا برصد هذه الفعالية خلال ثلاثة أيام وكانت لنا هذه الصور والمقابلات. وهذا ما جاء في نشرة "حلب في شهر" عدد أيلول سبتمبر 2010

 

ينظم هذا العرض مجلس مدينة حلب من خلال مشروع مدينتنا، بالتعاون مع الفنان ناصر السومي*.

الأستاذ ناصر السومي والمذيعة كنانة علوش والمصور يوسف حسكيرو من قناة الدنيا

كما كان لنا عالم نوح لقاء الأستاذ ناصر حول هذه الفعالية

قصة النيلة
كان لون النيلة من أول الألوان المستعملة في الصبغات. ولهذه الصبغة خاصية مقاومة التغيير الذي يسببه مرور الزمن. وكانت غالية الثمن في التداول التجاري. أما النيلة المركبة كيماوياً* فقد صُنِعَت للمرة الأولى في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر، وحلت سريعاً مكان النيلة الطبيعية، لأنها كانت أرخص ثمناً وأسهل استعمالاً.
لم يلف النسيان النيلة الطبيعية؛ بل على العكس، نراها لا زالت متداولةً إلى يومنا هذا. ونرى سحرها في قمة فعاليته، خاصةً في أوساط الفنانين وأهل الصنعة، فهم يعلمون مدى أهمية تواصل البشر مع الأرض عبر الصبغة الآتية منها.

مدينة حلب والنيلة
كانت لحلب، ولعدة قرون، القدرة والإمكانية التجارية التي وجدت متسعاً ومنفذاً لها بتطور وتوسع الطرق البرية والبحرية، لتكون مركزاً هاماً للصباغة والحياكة وللاتجار بالنيلة.
وكانت للأقمشة المصبوغة بالنيلة حصة هامة من التداولات التجارية. وغدت مدن مثل بغداد والموصل والقدس ودمشق وحلب وبيروت أسواقاً هامة للنيلة التي صار مستقرها النهائي في العالم الغربي. وحتى أواخر القرن السادس عشر، تحكم التجار الإيطاليون من مدينتي البندقية وجنوى بمعظم عمليات استيراد أوروبا لهذه السلعة، مما حث التجار الفرنسيين والإنكليز والهولنديين على زيادة نشاطهم في الشرق، فأسسوا شركات تجارية نظامية ترعاها حكوماتهم. ومنذ تأسيس هذه الشركات اهتمت بالنيلة وتجارتها، فكانت المراسلات بين وكلاء الشركات الشرقية في حلب ومراكزهم في أوربا تؤكد على اهتمامهم بالنيلة وقيمتها النفيسة.

عرض الصباغين
15 – 22 أيلول، في مدرسة الشيباني


لإحياء تقليد استعمال النيلة الطبيعية في حلب، يقوم عدد من الصباغين، بالإضافة إلى معلم طباعة من بلاد لا تزال تستعمل النيلة الطبيعية كالهند ومالي، بالعمل إلى جانب حرفيين محليين، فيتبادلون الخبرات ويجربون مختلف صياغات ووسائل الصباغة.
تتطلب الصباغة بالنيلة الطبيعية سبعة أيام لتجهيز المحلول. لذلك سيعمل الصبّاغون من 13 إلى 22 أيلول، فيوزعون عملهم على ورديات خلال اليوم.
وخلال فترة بعد الظهر من بعض الأيام، سيعمل الحرفيون على أنغام عزف الموسيقيين المحليين، الذين سيرتجلون تأليف الموسيقى باستيحاء من حركة أجساد الحرفيين وهم منصبون على تشكيل صباغهم.


ومن الغريب أن سكر "قصب السكر" يدخل ضمن المواد العديدة التي تدخل في صناعة "النيلة"

معرض الصور
من 15 إلى 22 أيلول في فناء الشيباني، ستُعْرَضُ 7 صورٍ من أعمال المصورة جيني بالفور بول، وتعد أشهر خبيرة عالمية بتاريخ النيلة، على لوحات كبيرة. وهي صور لصباغين من مختلف أصقاع الأرض وهم منهمكون في عملهم.

الفيلم
15 – 22 أيلول في مدرسة الشيباني
سيُعرض فيلم «النيلة، عالم من الزرقة»، وهو من إنتاج مايوا. ويُظهر تسلسل الصباغة بالنيلة من نبات الحقل إلى ثبات الصبغة على النسيج.


المحاضرة
15 – 22 أيلول
سيتكلم فيكرام جوشي من الهند عن الطباعة بصبغة النيلة بالقوالب المحفور عليها مختلف التصاميم.

مواكبة لمجريات الاحتفال بذكرى النيلة فإن القلعة سيغمرها الضوء الأزرق بعد مغيب كل يوم خلال شهر أيلول.

المهندس عمار غزال مع المذيعتين الشابتين نور فنصة ونغم قدسية من إذاعة حلب كما كان لموقع عالم نوح لقاء مع المهندس عمار عن هذه الفعالية ومدى تقبل المحيط السكاني لفعاليات مدرسة الشيباني المتنوعة.

 

وقدم لنا الدكتور جوزيف موصللي من جامعة حلب التركيبة الكيميائية لـ"النيلة" وذكر أن العلماء في "ذلك الوقت" بذلوا أربعين سنة حتى توصلوا إلى هذه المعادلة.

 

المعلم Mr. Yasim Shahabuddin ياسيم والذي كان له معنا لقاء سريع باللغة الهندية

 وقد قدم لنا مشكوراً الملف الكامل لصناعة النيلة باللغة الانكليزية

جاري معالجة صور المقالة ومقاطع الفيديو

 

NATURAL DYES & BLOCK PRINTING
– Supported by Fabindia

India has been renowned for its printed and dyed cotton cloth since the 12th century and the creative processes flourished as the fabric received royal patronage. Records show that as far back as the 12th century, several centers in south India and on the western and eastern coasts of India became renowned for their excellent printed cotton. On the south eastern coast the brush or kalam (pen) was used, and the resist applied by the same method. In the medieval age printing and dyeing of cottons was specially developed in Rajasthan. In Gujarat the use of wooden blocks for printing was more common. Rajasthan is another region that created some of the most exquisite block prints in the country.

The Colours :
Mr. Yasim ( and others of this diminishing tribe of master dyers & printers ) use natural colours for their dyeing & printing. The development of these colours is an art in itself which though similar across the country has regional uniqueness wherin printers and dyers from each region have modified the base recipes a bit to suit local conditions.

1: Black
Waste iron ( old horse-shoes etc ) are soaked in water along with jiggery and millet atta for a minimum of 15 days. This water is then boiled at around 80 degrees centigrade after which the residue is removed. Tamarind seed powder are then added and the mixture is then re-boiled till the colour is as required…..


2: Red. – The first process is “Harda” wherin the fabric is soaked myrobulan and dried


– It is then dipped in a solution of alum and water and then dried. This fabric is then given a rinse to remove the ‘daboo’

– This fabric is then ‘dyed’ or boiled in a solution of the ‘dhavari’ flower and sakur mixed with alizirine for about one hour.

This brings out the red colour.

– In case of printing , this solution is thickened and printed on the fabric with wooden blocks
The Dhavari Flower ( unique to Rajasthan )


– The dyed fabric is then put through a series of washes lasting upto two days and then dried out in the sun .

3 : Indigo The Indigo plant is most commonly grown in regions of South India but of late efforts have been made to grow this in regions of Rajasthan and elsewhere.

Indigo is created by soaking the leaves of the plant in pits which often age back generations. The indigo dye pit at Pipar dates back 17 years !! Pits at other locations date back to the dyers grandfather and have been in unbroken use for over 30 years !
The pit is topped up with new leaves and water after each dyeing session. This unique colour development enhances itself over these long periods…..


The fabric is dipped in the dye . If printing is required, then it is again dipped in indigo after printing. A total of three separate dips are normal in this cold water dye process !!


The indigo dye is so natural that these dyers even eat with their dye stained hands !

The fabric is left in the sun to oxidize after each dip in the dye pit . It is really critical that the sunlight is just right for this as any sudden clouds etc can result in a change in colour !!!
Do remember this. . . . as even a slight change in the sunlight can cause a shade variation on the fabric ! the next time a customer complains about a minor
variation in Indigo, do let them know about this step in the dyeing process !!!


The dyed fabric is washed continuously for about 2 days to get rid of any residue colour and give the blue opportunity to mature.

4 : Green / Yellow 

To convert Indigo to Green the fabrics are dipped in a solution of Turmeric & left out to dry.


The finished ‘green’ tone after the dip in turmeric !!


5: Yellow / Orange
These colours are developed by soaking pomegranate fruit shells and using the residue solution to dye the fabrics. This is normally done in conjunction with any of the above colours to get the required shades.

6: Turquoise ( Blue/Green)
To develop a turquoise shade, Indigo dyed fabric is dipped in a solution of ‘harda’ and iron ( blackish ) water. After this it is subjected to two cold rinses.
The Printing Process : 1: The fabric to be printed is washed free of starch and soft bleached if the natural grey of the fabric is not desired.
This process involves the fabric being soaked in water for a day and for another two days in a mixture of castor oil & water.
It is then bundled and kept soaking in this solution for another 24 hours.

2: The Fabric is then washed in clear water for two continuous days to remove all traces of the castor oil.

The fabric is now ready for dyeing & printing to start.
If dyeing is required as in the case of saris, where borders, or the body is tied and dyed, it is done before printing. The fabric is stretched over the printing table and fastened with small pins (in the case of saris the pallu is printed first then the border).
The printing starts form left to right. The color is evened out in the tray with a wedge of wood and the block dipped into the outline color (usually black or a dark color). When the block is applied to the fabric, it is slammed hard with the fist on the back of the handle so that a good impression may register.
A point on the block serves as a guide for the repeat impression, so that the whole effect is continuous and not disjoined. The outline printer is usually an expert because he is the one who leads the process. If it is a multiple color design the second printer dips his block in color again using the point or guide for a perfect registration to fill in the color. The third color if existent follows likewise. Skill is necessary for good printing since the colors need to dovetail into the design to make it a composite whole.
A single color design can be executed faster, a double color takes more time and multiple color design would mean additional labor and more color consumption.
‘Daboo’ Printing :
The printers often use a unique process of discharge printing to get the white or contrast coloured portions of the design.
The design in created on a wooden block and then this area is printed with a ‘daboo’ paste. This paste is made with a mixture of :
– Kali Mitti ( collected from the lake beds and especially from areas where buffaloes have waded as this clay is well ground due to their movement & weight )


– Gur
– Lime
– Natural Gum


The above paste is applied on the fabric and left to dry for a minimum of one day.


This secures this area and prevents the dyes from penetrating these portions of the fabrics.
Post initial dyeing, these areas appear as white after the washing process. If required as white and it is left as such, and if not, then the fabric is overdyed again giving these areas the required colour.


Really Important . . . . .

The natural dyeing & printing process is entirely hand done & relies totally on the normal processes of fermenting to develop colours from nature. The shades are dependent on the sunlight & season during which the dyeing or printing is done. Even sudden clouds on an otherwise sunny day can affect the final shade of the fabrics !!


The printing is also manual. Small variations in placement are unavoidable. Little spots due to the ‘daboo’ falling on other areas are unavoidable and actually accent the uniqueness of these fabrics ! The very nature of the lack of uniformity is the ultimate test of it’s naturalness ! If it were a flawless uniform print, I doubt if these fabrics would possess a fraction of the beauty they now have !!
Fabindia is working closely with these artisans and together we are trying to improve the colourfastness properties of these fabrics without affecting the vibrancy of the colours ! This is a slow process and we have to accept that our natural colours are dyed either in cold processes or under really primitive but effective heat dyeing. We need to accept that these colours will bleed or rub initially and communicate this to our customers – not as a defect but as a certification of it’s genuiness !!!!

Caring for fabrics dyed & printed with natural dyes :
These fabrics are fairly easy to care for :
– They can be washed at home and dried in the sunlight. If strong detergents and dry cleaning are avoided, they will last for years.
– Natural dyes generally require a mordant, which are metallic salts of aluminum, iron, chromium, copper and others, for ensuring the reasonable fastness of the color to sunlight and washing. They tend to run colour during initially. It is advised to wash these fabrics separately for initial washes.
– Most natural dyes are alkaline in nature. In case some customers have highly acidic perspiration, there is a risk of discolouration on areas where perspiration gets in touch with the garment. We do face a small percentage of customer returns due to this.

To Conclude :
Take any of these fabrics or garments in your hand and visualise the above process. These are nothing short of a continuous labour of love on the part of these artisans !
The irregularities in print, variations on tone etc give these fabrics an authenticity that cannot be duplicated and enhance the intrinsic beauty of these works of art.
Lets keep this in mind & be prepared to defend these products the next time we are called upon by customers not willing to accept a block print for what it is ! The survival of this art depends on the awareness we create among our customers and the market this this will generate……….
Fabindia – keeping this & numerous other arts alive !!!

The details in this flier are the result of a visit to the town of Pipar on the outskirts of Jodhpur to the dyeing / printing unit of Mr. Yasim Shahabuddin who supplies Fabindia with exquisite Home & Bed Linen, Garment Accessories & Sarees  

 

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